References

• Adam, L. N., & Abbas, A. M. (2025). Thyroid peroxidase gene variants and autoimmunity in subclinical hypothyroidism: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Molecular Biology Reports, 52(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-025-11174-y

• Chiasera, J. M. (2013). Back to the Basics: Thyroid Gland Structure, Function and Pathology. American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science, 26(2), 112–117. https://doi.org/10.29074/ascls.26.2.112

• Cleveland Clinic. (2024, June 24). Menopause: Age, Stages, Signs, Symptoms & Treatment. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21841-menopause

• Cleveland Clinic. (2022, August 2). Estrogen: Hormone, Function, Levels & Imbalances. Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22353-estrogen

• ‌Cleveland Clinic. (2022). Thyroid: What It Is, Function & Problems. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23188-thyroid

• Colorado. (2026, January 20). Understanding Thyroid Nodules: Evaluation and Treatment at Colorado ENT & Allergy. ENT, Allergy, & Audiology Doctors Colorado Springs. https://coloradoent.com/blog/understanding-thyroid-nodules-evaluation-and-treatment/

• Das & Panda (2018). Analyzing thyroid dysfunction in the climacteric. Journal of Mid-Life Health, 9(3), 113. https://doi.org/10.4103/jmh.jmh_21_18

• Facts About Estrogen - CareFirst Specialty Pharmacy’s Blog. (n.d.). Www.cfspharmacy.pharmacy. https://www.cfspharmacy.pharmacy/blog/post/facts-about-estrogen

• Female Reproductive Health. (2024, November 13). Freiaproject.eu. http://freiaproject.eu/wp/female-reproductive-health/

• Frank-Raue, K., & Raue, F. (2023). Thyroid dysfunction in peri- and postmenopausal women—cumulative risks. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 120(18). https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.m2023.0069

• gonad. (2025). Lingolandedu.com. https://lingolandedu.com/en/english-english-dictionary/gonad

• Haver, M. C. The Systemic Power of Estrogen: What Every Woman Should Know. (2022). The 'Pause Life by Dr. Mary Claire Haver. https://thepauselife.com/blogs/the-pause-blog/the-systemic-power-of-estrogen-what-every-woman-should-know?srsltid=AfmBOorO1xVKQts-ro2PiE_OJ8fyizTYIiOFZU2uPo9yu52Cxv9btjTz

• ‌HealthCareOnTime. (2023, April 3). Irregular Period (Menstrual Irregularities): Symptoms, Causes, Types. HealthcareOnTime. https://www.healthcareontime.com/health-tips/irregular-period-menstrual-irregularities/?srsltid=AfmBOor7r10cNpbDFR4XLWuyAZiEXj7b973RMwvpgZdiZpxe9-7bKX1t

• How Thyroid Hormones Interact. (n.d.). Renewed Vitality. https://www.renewedvitalitymd.com/thyroid-doctor/thyroid-hormones-interact/

• Jeong, H. G., & Park, H. (2022). Metabolic Disorders in Menopause. Metabolites, 12(10), 954. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12100954

• John Hopkins Medicine. (2019). Anatomy of the Endocrine System. Anatomy of the Endocrine System. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/anatomy-of-the-endocrine-system

• Kamińska, M. S., Schneider-Matyka, D., Rachubińska, K., Panczyk, M., Grochans, E., & Cybulska, A. M. (2023). Menopause Predisposes Women to Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of clinical medicine, 12(22), 7058. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12227058

• ‌Lee, K. I., Chen, J. H., & Chen, K. H. (2026). Osteoporosis After Menopause and After Drug Therapy: The Molecular Mechanism of Bone Loss and Its Treatment. International journal of molecular sciences, 27(2), 641. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27020641

• Mayo Clinic. (2022, November 30). Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperthyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20373659

• Mayo Clinic. (2022). Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20350284

• Mervosh, N., & Devi, G. (2025). Estrogen, menopause, and Alzheimer’s disease: understanding the link to cognitive decline in women. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2025.1634302

• Misra, D. M. (2025). Adrenal Gland Hormones: Functions, Types, and Their Impact on Health. Metropolis India Lab; Metropolis Healthcare Limited. https://www.metropolisindia.com/blog/preventive-healthcare/adrenal-gland-function-hormones

• Roofs. (2012, November 26). Hashimoto’s vs. Graves’ Disease (11/25/2012 QOTD). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NrPPDKa_Ma0

• Time of care. (2016, October 9). Hypothalamus-Pituitary Hormones and their functions. Time of Care. https://www.timeofcare.com/hypothalamus-pituitary-hormones-and-their-functions/

• UFO Themes. (2017, January 7). . Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary Gland. Obgyn Key. https://obgynkey.com/disorders-of-the-anterior-pituitary-gland/

• Xiang, Y., Meng, Q., Huang, Z., Zhang, N., Zhang, Y., Ding, X., Yu, J., None Baimakangzhuo, Liu, L., Xiao, X., & Zhao, X. (2025). Menopausal status, transition, and age at menopause with accelerated biological aging across multiple organ systems: findings from two cohort studies. BMC Medicine, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04223-7

• Xie, J., Wang, J., & Cui, X. (2025). Research progress on estrogen and estrogen receptors in the occurrence and progression of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Autoimmunity Reviews, 24(6), 103803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103803